期刊
HUMAN FACTORS
卷 61, 期 8, 页码 1353-1370出版社
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0018720819836343
关键词
Virtual reality; automated driving; pedestrians; decision-making; crossing; HMI
资金
- research programme VIDI - Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) [TTW 016.Vidi.178.047]
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Applied and Engineering Sciences (TTW) domain, the Netherlands, under the project Safe Interaction with Vulnerable Road Users (SafeVRU) - TTW [14667]
- project Spatial and Transport impacts of Automated Driving (STAD) by the NWO [438-15-161]
Objective: In this article, we investigated the effects of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) on pedestrians' crossing intentions. Background: Literature suggests that the safety (i.e., not crossing when unsafe) and efficiency (i.e., crossing when safe) of pedestrians' interactions with automated vehicles could increase if automated vehicles display their intention via an eHMI. Methods: Twenty-eight participants experienced an urban road environment from a pedestrian's perspective using a head-mounted display. The behavior of approaching vehicles (yielding, nonyielding), vehicle size (small, medium, large), eHMI type (1. baseline without eHMI, 2. front brake lights, 3. Knightrider animation, 4. smiley, 5. text [WALK]), and eHMI timing (early, intermediate, late) were varied. For yielding vehicles, the eHMI changed from a nonyielding to a yielding state, and for nonyielding vehicles, the eHMI remained in its nonyielding state. Participants continuously indicated whether they felt safe to cross using a handheld button, and feel-safe percentages were calculated. Results: For yielding vehicles, the feel-safe percentages were higher for the front brake lights, Knightrider, smiley, and text, as compared with baseline. For nonyielding vehicles, the feel-safe percentages were equivalent regardless of the presence or type of eHMI, but larger vehicles yielded lower feel-safe percentages. The Text eHMI appeared to require no learning, contrary to the three other eHMIs. Conclusion: An eHMI increases the efficiency of pedestrian-AV interactions, and a textual display is regarded as the least ambiguous. Application: This research supports the development of automated vehicles that communicate with other road users.
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