Remotely Forced Decadal Physical and Biogeochemical Variability of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Over the Last 40 Years

Half-century-long observations at the 137 degrees E repeat hydrographic section across the western North Pacific have been analyzed to demonstrate remotely forced decadal physical and biogeochemical variability of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) over the last 40 years. During unstable periods of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) that lagged the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation by 3-4 years, high regional eddy activity reduced the formation rate and salinity of STMW in its main formation region south of the KE. At the 137 degrees E section south of Japan, decreasing southwestward advection of oxygen-rich STMW from the formation region resulted in decreases of its cross-sectional area, dissolved oxygen, pH, and aragonite saturation state and increases of nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon, among which changes of the carbon system parameters accelerated their long-term trends. Such changes reversed and acidification slowed down during stable-KE periods, especially in the current period since 2010 exhibiting a hiatus of acidification.