Critical flickering frequency test: a diagnostic tool for minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Background Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is underestimated. It affects 30-55% of patients with liver cirrhosis and can change their daily functions. Psychometric tests are sensitive in diagnosing MHE, but interpretation is difficult. Availability of a simpler diagnostic tool for MHE is mandatory. Critical flicker frequency (CFF) is a simple diagnostic test. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CFF test for MHE. Patients and methods A total of 86 patients with cirrhosis with negative history of overt hepatic encephalopathy were included. History, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and abdominal ultrasonography data were collected. Arabic version of number connection test, serial dotting test, and line tracing test were done. Total psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) was used to diagnose MHE. CFF was done for all patients with MHE diagnosis at 39 Hz. Results Of the 86 patients, 45 (52.3%) had MHE with PHES. Patients with MHE had significantly older age, presentation with jaundice, ascites, lower hemoglobin level, lower serum albumin, prolonged INR, higher Child class and score (P <= 0.001), and higher model of end stage liver disease score (P=0.001) than patients without MHE. In comparison with PHES, CFF has a sensitivity of 91.1 +/- 8.32%, specificity of 92.7 +/- 7.96%, positive predictive value of 93.2 +/- 7.44%, and negative predictive value of 90.4 +/- 8.91%. In receiver operating characteristic curve, CFF is excellent in diagnosis of MHE, with area under the curve 0.937 (P<0.001). Conclusion MHE is common among patients with liver cirrhosis. CFF is a simple, rapid, noninvasive test for diagnosis of MHE, with a very good accuracy at 39 Hz. Copyright (C) 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.