Contest dynamics for food and reproductive resources are defined by health condition in a dung beetle

Male dung beetles compete to obtain food and females, and early resource recognition and appropriation increase the probability of mating. The outcome of such encounters is expected to be defined by self- and the opponent's health condition. In this study, we analyzed the effect of body condition and immune defense on the contest dynamics between males that rolled a food ball with a partner female (owner males) and intruder males of dung beetle Canthon cyanellus. Body condition was measured as body size, body dry mass, lipid mass, and muscle mass; immune defense was estimated via phenoloxidase activity. Owner males with higher lipid mass contacted the food ball significantly earlier than owner males with lower lipid mass. Individuals with lower phenoloxidase activity started to roll food balls earlier than individuals with higher phenoloxidase activity. Owner males that had higher body dry mass, compared to female partners, began to roll the food ball significantly earlier than male-female pairs with lower differences in dry mass. Heavier males won significantly more contests than lighter males. Our results suggest that the health condition is a key factor related to the dynamics and outcome of male-male contests for resources and females in C. cyanellus. Consequently, differences in individual condition are main determinants of contest outcomes in dung beetles.