Increased utilisation of renewable energies through demand response in the water supply sector - A case study

Renewable energy systems (RES) play a key role in sustainable energy supply systems. Due to the volatile nature of RES, storage capacities and demand shifting strategies must be implemented. In remote areas like islands, the water supply sector mainly consisting of desalination plants and wells has a significant impact on the energy system. The objective of this paper is the evaluation of the demand shifting potential within this sector with respect to its robustness against probabilistic influencing variables. Mixed integer linear programming is used to simulate the optimised dispatch. Compared to the total annual electricity demand of the island, the study shows that up to 2.1% (1.5 GWh) positive and 5.0% (3.6 GWh) negative demand shifting potential can be assumed if only existing plants are used. Utilisation of micro pumped hydro storage can increase these potentials to 5.5% (4.2 GWh) in positive and 10.3% (7.9 GWh) in negative direction. Furthermore, probabilistic solar radiation has no significant influence on the DR potential while for wind power a saturation of the DR potential for higher degrees of self-sufficiency can be found. Nevertheless, the absolute highest degrees of self-sufficiency come along with the utilisation of both photovoltaic (PV) and wind. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.