Carbon-Derived Supports for Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Carbon-Carbon Bonds Formation

The review considers the variety allotropes of carbon to be used as supports for palladium and investigation of the resulting catalysts for carbon-carbon forming reactions with focus on the catalyst recovery and effect of the solvent, base and catalyst loading in the efficiency of reactions. Specially, carbon nanotubes, C-60 and graphene allowed the covalent functionalization with different ligands for palladium facilitating a lower leaching. Magnetic iron nanoparticles can be easily covered by charcoal, graphene oxide and carbon quantum dots facilitating the recovery of the supported catalyst. These heterogeneous catalysts are able to activate even aryl chlorides in cross-coupling reactions such as Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck and Sonogashira-Hagihara in organic but also in aqueous media. All these features favoured the applicability of the materials for industrial processes.