Soil wet aggregate distribution and pore size distribution under different tillage systems after 16 years in the Loess Plateau of China

In the Loess Plateau of China, conventional tillage is defined as the tillage without crop residues left on the soil surface and ploughed twice a year. The use of alternative practices is a way to reduce soil erosion. Our objectives were to assess the long-term impacts of different soil tillage systems on soil physical and hydraulic characteristics, emphasizing management practices to improve the soil physical qualities (reduce bulk density and increase stability of aggregate) under the conservation tillage system in the Loess Plateau of China. Conventional tillage (CT), no tillage (NT), and sub-soiling (SS) were applied in this experiment. Soil wet aggregates distribution and stability, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, soil water retention curves and pore size distributions were measured. The results showed that in the 010 cm and 1020 cm depth soil layers, NT and SS treatments showed a significantly higher proportion of wet aggregates>250 mu m (macroaggregates) compared to CT. In these two layers, the proportion of wet aggregates<53 mu m (microaggregates) was significantly higher in CT with respect to NT and SS. SOC content increased as the aggregate fraction size increased, and was higher within wet aggregates>250 mu m than within the 25053 mu m and < 53 mu m(silt+clay) fractions at both depths. In addition, the conservation tillage (NT and SS) can result in improved total porosity and reduced soil bulk density compared with CT in the surface layer. Pore size distribution in CT soil was unimodal, with the maximum in the 1030 mu m matrix pores of the surface layer. However, in the surface layer the pore size distributions from NT and SS showed a dual porosity curve, with two peaks in the matrix and structural pore areas. The 1020 cm layer showed similar pore size distributions in each treatment. After scanning the soils by micro-computed tomography, we visualized the pore characteristics. The images showed that CT reduced the long and connected macropores compared with conservation tillage. Overall, soil aggregate stability and soil macropores are most improved under conservation tillage. Conservation tillage with crop residues should be adopted instead of conventional tillage, as an effort to improve crop yield and control soil erosion in the Loess Plateau of China.