期刊
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS
卷 12, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1359-1
关键词
Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Nitric oxide; MAC1; CTR1; Biofilm
资金
- National Basic Research Program of China (973) [2013CB733602]
- Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [21390204]
- Key program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [21636003]
- Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University [IRT_14R28]
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Technology Support Program of Jiangsu [BE2014715]
- Outstanding Youth Foundation of Jiangsu [SBK2017010373]
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
- Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province [KYCX18_1103]
Biofilms with immobilized cells encased in extracellular polymeric substance are beneficial for industrial fermentation. Their formation is regulated by various factors, including nitric oxide (NO), which is recognized as a quorum-sensing and signal molecule. The mechanisms by which NO regulates bacterial biofilms have been studied extensively and deeply, but were rarely studied in fungi. In this study, we observed the effects of low concentrations of NO on biofilm formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transcriptional and proteomic analyses were applied to study the mechanism of this regulation. Adding low concentrations of NO donors (SNP and NOC-18) enhanced biofilm formation of S. cerevisiae in immobilized carriers and plastics. Transcriptional and proteomic analyses revealed that expression levels of genes regulated by the transcription factor Mac1p was upregulated in biofilm cells under NO treatment. MAC1 promoted yeast biofilm formation which was independent of flocculation gene FLO11. Increased copper and iron contents, both of which were controlled by Mac1p in the NO-treated and MAC1-overexpressing cells, were not responsible for the increased biofilm formation. CTR1, one out of six genes regulated by MAC1, plays an important role in biofilm formation. Moreover, MAC1 and CTR1 contributed to the cells' resistance to ethanol by enhanced biofilm formation. These findings suggest that a mechanism for NO-mediated biofilm formation, which involves the regulation of CTR1 expression levels by activating its transcription factor Mac1p, leads to enhanced biofilm formation. The role of CTR1 protein in yeast biofilm formation may be due to the hydrophobic residues in its N-terminal extracellular domain, and further research is needed. This work offers a possible explanation for yeast biofilm formation regulated by NO and provides approaches controlling biofilm formation in industrial immobilized fermentation by manipulating expression of genes involved in biofilm formation.
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