Glutathione Might Attenuate Cadmium-Induced Liver Oxidative Stress and Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation

The liver is a major organ involved in cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative damage. Following liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are activated to participate in the wound healing process, but also facilitate liver fibrosis. Previous studies have observed fibrogenic effects of Cd on liver. However, the oxidative stress mechanisms of Cd-induced HSC activation as well as whether administration of glutathione (GSH) alleviates this activation, remain unclear. In this study, 24 rats were divided randomly into four experimental groups: control, GSH-treated, Cd-treated, and Cd + GSH-treated. After 4 weeks, the liver injury index, HSC-specific activation markers, oxidative stress-related antioxidants, and enzyme activities and signals were measured. Cd uptake and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatocytes were detected by mass cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase, xanthine oxidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA) were significantly increased in Cd-treated rats. Activated HSCs positive for alpha SMA expression and excess collagen deposition were detected in the Cd-treated group. In contrast, activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were reduced. Supplementation with GSH reversed some of the Cd-induced effects and increased the protein level of phosphorylated (p)-P65 while decreasing p-JNK. Pretreatment with GSH lowered Cd uptake and ROS generation in hepatocytes in vitro. These results indicate that administration of GSH was effective in attenuating Cd-induced oxidative stress via decreasing Cd uptake, restoring the activities of oxidative enzymes, activating NF-kappa B, inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway, and preventing excessive ROS generation and HSC activation.