期刊
BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
卷 30, 期 3, 页码 809-820出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz018
关键词
combinatorial communication; comparative; elephant; syntax; vocal communication
资金
- National Science Foundation GRFP fellowship
- Animal Behavior Society
- Sigma Xi [488010]
- American Society of Mammalogists
- Athena Fund at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- National Geographic Society [3875-88, C16-02]
- Care for the Wild
- Crystal Springs Foundation
- Austrian Science Fund [P26488-N30]
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service [96200-9-G231]
- Stanford VPUE faculty grants
- Utopia Scientific
- University of Pennsylvania [NSF-IGERT 0504487]
- Linguistics Data Consortium
- Department of Neurobiology Behavior at Cornell University
Understanding why related species combine calls in different ways could provide insight into the selection pressures on the evolution of combinatorial communication. African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana), African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) all combine broadband calls (roars, barks, and cries) and low-frequency calls (rumbles) into single utterances known as combination calls. We investigated whether the structure of such calls differs among species and whether any differences are better explained by phylogenetic relationships or by socioecological factors. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the species differ significantly in the frequency with which they produce different call combinations using data from multiple study sites. Elephas maximus and L. africana mostly produced roar-rumble combinations, whereas L. cyclotis produced a more even distribution of roar-rumble, rumble-roar, and rumble-roar-rumble combinations. There were also significant differences in favored structure among populations of the same species. Moreover, certain call orders were disproportionately likely to be given in particular behavioral contexts. In L. africana, rumble-roar-rumble combinations were significantly more likely than expected by chance to be produced by individuals separated from the group. In E. maximus, there was a nonsignificant trend for rumble-roar-rumbles to be given more often in response to a disturbance. Site-specific socioecological conditions appear more influential for call combination structure than phylogenetic history. All 3 elephant species produce call combinations in various orders, but the preferred order differs among species. African savannah elephant call combinations were more similar to those of the distantly related Asian elephant than to those of the closely related African forest elephant, suggesting that the species difference is better explained by ecological or social factors than by evolutionary closeness. Different call orders were associated with different contexts, suggesting that order may affect call function.
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