期刊
ADVANCED MATERIALS
卷 31, 期 17, 页码 -出版社
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900291
关键词
biomaterials; buoyancy; gradients; osteochondral; tissue engineering
类别
资金
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/P001114/1]
- Whitaker International Program, Institute of International Education, USA
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership [BB/N503952/1]
- Arthritis Research U.K. Foundation [21138]
- Medical Research Council (MRC) [MR/S00551X/1]
- European Research Council Seventh Framework Programme Consolidator grant Naturale CG [616417]
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform [MR/R015651/1]
- Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award [098411/Z/12/Z]
- Top University Strategic Alliance Ph.D. Scholarship from Taiwan
- EPSRC [EP/P001114/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MR/R015651/1, MR/S00551X/1] Funding Source: UKRI
The controlled fabrication of gradient materials is becoming increasingly important as the next generation of tissue engineering seeks to produce inhomogeneous constructs with physiological complexity. Current strategies for fabricating gradient materials can require highly specialized materials or equipment and cannot be generally applied to the wide range of systems used for tissue engineering. Here, the fundamental physical principle of buoyancy is exploited as a generalized approach for generating materials bearing well-defined compositional, mechanical, or biochemical gradients. Gradient formation is demonstrated across a range of different materials (e.g., polymers and hydrogels) and cargos (e.g., liposomes, nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, macromolecules, and small molecules). As well as providing versatility, this buoyancy-driven gradient approach also offers speed (<1 min) and simplicity (a single injection) using standard laboratory apparatus. Moreover, this technique is readily applied to a major target in complex tissue engineering: the osteochondral interface. A bone morphogenetic protein 2 gradient, presented across a gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel laden with human mesenchymal stem cells, is used to locally stimulate osteogenesis and mineralization in order to produce integrated osteochondral tissue constructs. The versatility and accessibility of this fabrication platform should ensure widespread applicability and provide opportunities to generate other gradient materials or interfacial tissues.
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