Challenges of measuring nascent soot in flames as evidenced by high-resolution differential mobility analysis

Nascent soot particles with mobility diameters <= 10 nm were measured in an ethylene/air premixed flame to shed light on the challenges and potential artifacts affecting studies on soot inception by differential mobility analysis (DMA) techniques. The size distribution functions (SDFs) of particles with charge acquired either naturally or diffusively upon ion seeding were measured at several positions in the flame using rapid-dilution probing and a high-resolution DMA for different values of the ratio of dilution ratio to residence time (DR/Delta t). The SDFs are roughly bimodal with a sub-3 nm mode and a larger one that appears either downstream in the flame or for low DR/Delta ts. Soot nuclei smaller than 3 nm preferentially acquire positive charge, which brings into question the assumption of steady-state charging probability of flame sampled soot nuclei in the bipolar diffusion neutralizer. The approximately polarity-symmetric lognormal SDF of larger particles is attributed to nuclei coagulation. Naturally charged particles increase in number when lowering DR/Delta t, suggesting either their collisional charging by flame chemi-ions or particle nucleation by condensation of neutral molecules on ions or both. The critical conditions for suppressing particle coagulation and charge redistribution in the sampling system were not achieved under most conditions, despite the fact that values of DR/Delta ts were more favorable to such a suppression in the present experiment as compared to other studies in the literature. As a result, the identification of this asymptotic regime, which is critical to determine the parent SDFs and the charge state of nascent soot in the flame, is still elusive.