Multinational contracting and the eclectic paradigm of internationalization

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a novel version of Dunning's eclectic paradigm of internationalisation (OLI framework) to explain both inbound and outbound Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in multinational contracting. Design/methodology/approach The OLI factors and hypothesis are significantly developed to address a weakness in the OLI framework in its application to settings, such as multinational contracting, with extreme heterogeneity arising from extreme location specificity. Findings These developments advance Dunning's seminal contribution and bring this to life in construction research that has barely applied the framework and, when doing so, has focused only on outbound FDI by multinational contractors (MCs). Research limitations/implications The power of the OLI framework is increased on explaining and predicting FDI in contexts that exhibit extreme heterogeneity associated with extreme location specificity. Furthermore, the operationalisation of key theories representing the framework's OLI factors is made far more precise. Practical implications Engineering, construction and architectural managers, can now more reliably apply the OLI framework both in MCs' outbound FDI decisions and in governments' decisions to attract new MCs - or inbound FDI. Originality/value A significant advance is made in the OLI framework in settings with extreme location specificity, along with the operationalisation of key theories associated with the OLI factors, including the first steps to operationalise Coase's Nobel prize-winning transaction cost thesis.