Expectancies for and use of e-cigarettes and hookah among young adult non-daily smokers

Introduction: Understanding predictors of e-cigarette and hookah use among young adults is important in light of their increasing prevalence, particularly in younger populations. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that young adult non-daily cigarette smokers' use of e-cigarettes and hookah would be positively associated with their expectancies about these products. Methods: Young adults (n = 377, 58.0% male) aged 18-24 years (M = 20.5, SD = 1.8) who had been non-daily smokers for at least six months but had never been daily smokers completed a baseline assessment online or via mobile phone as part of a larger, longitudinal study. Results: Approximately one in three participants reported any e-cigarette (34.0%) and/or hookah (33.4%) use in the past 14 days; 37% of those who used either product reported using both. More positive e-cigarette expectancies were associated with higher odds of any e-cigarette use and with heavier use in the past two weeks. Similarly, more positive expectancies for hookah use predicted greater odds of any use as well as more frequent use of hookah (all ps < 0.001). Cigarette expectancies were correlated with ANTP expectancies, but did not account for the latter's association with ANTP use. Conclusions: Findings suggest that expectancies play a role in determining whether young adult cigarette smokers also use these nicotine products. These data also suggest use of e-cigarettes and/or hookah may be as common as not among young adult nondaily smokers. Published by Elsevier Ltd.