期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
卷 6, 期 2, 页码 98-105出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00706
关键词
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资金
- University of Iowa Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination (CHEEC)
- National Science Foundation (CBET Environmental Engineering) [1803197]
- U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (NSF GRFP)
- University of Iowa Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing/NIH Predoctoral Training Program in Biotechnology [2 T32 GM008365]
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Center for Exemplary Mentoring
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [1803197] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
We recently reported the initial discovery of neonicotinoid pesticides in drinking water and their potential for transformation through chlorination and alkaline hydrolysis during water treatment. The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine if neonicotinoid metabolites are relevant to drinking water exposure and (2) to identify the products formed from chlorination of neonicotinoids and their metabolites. Desnitro-imidacloprid and imidacloprid-urea, two known metabolites of imidacloprid, are documented for the first time in drinking water. Desnitro-imidacloprid was present above the lower level of detection (0.03 ng/L) in 67% of samples (six of nine) from drinking water systems but detectable in all samples (up to 0.6 ng/L). Although concentrations of desnitro-imidacloprid were lower than concentrations of the parent neonicotinoids, desnitro-imidacloprid exhibits significantly greater mammalian toxicity than imidacloprid. Using LC-HR-ToF-MS/MS analysis of results from laboratory experiments, we propose structures for novel transformation products resulting from the chlorination of clothianidin, imidacloprid, desnitro-imidacloprid, imidacloprid-urea, and hydrolysis products of thiamethoxam. Formation of chlorinated neonicotinoid byproducts occurs at time scales relevant to water treatment and/or distribution for the imidacloprid metabolites (t(1/2) values from 2.4 min to 1.0 h) and thiamethoxam hydrolysis products (4.8 h). Neonicotinoid metabolites in finished drinking water and potential formation of novel disinfection byproducts during treatment and/or distribution are relevant to evaluating the exposure and potential impacts of neonicotinoids on human health.
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