Regulation of phosphorus bioavailability by iron nanoparticles in a monomictic lake

Dissolved reactive phosphorous (DRP) in lake systems is conventionally considered to predominate over other dissolved P species, however, this view neglects an important set of interactions that occurs between P and reactive iron hydroxide surfaces. This study addresses the coupling of P with dispersed iron nanoparticles in lakes, an interaction that may fundamentally alter the bioavailability of P to phytoplankton. We used diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and ultrafiltration to study Fe-P coupling in the water column of a monomictic lake over a hydrological year. Fe and P were predominantly colloidal (particle diameters > similar to 5 nm < similar to 20 nm) in both oxic epilimnetic and anaerobic hypolimnetic waters, but they were both DGT-labile under sub-oxic conditions, consistent with diffusion and dissolution of Fe-and-P-bearing colloids within the DGT diffusive gel. During peak stratification, increases in Fe and P bioavailability were spatially and temporally coincident with Fe nanoparticle dissolution and the formation of a deep chlorophyll maximum at 5-8 m depth. These results provide a window into the coupling and decoupling of P with mobile iron colloids, with implications for our understanding of the behaviour of nutrients and their influence on phytoplankton community dynamics.