Syncytia generated by hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion proteins of virulent Newcastle disease virus induce complete autophagy by activating AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1 signaling >

Autophagy triggered by glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion has been reported for several paramyxoviruses. However, the function of HN and F glycoproteins of NDV and their role in autophagy induction have not been studied. Here, we found that co-transfection of HN and F of virulent NDV rapidly induced syncytium formation and triggered a steady state autophagy flux in adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells and chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells. Furthermore, we clearly identified that F and HN synergistically induced autophagosome fusion with lysosomes for subsequent degradation. The seven cleavage site mutations of F significantly decreased the autophagy induction, compared with those of wildtype virulent F. RNAi and pharmacological experiments suggested that autophagy benefitted membrane fusion and syncytium formation induced by F and HN of NDV. Activated F-1 co-operated with HN to stimulate AMPK kinase and downstream ULK1 activation to suppress mTORC1 signaling. Our data described the synergistic role of HN and F in the induction of completed autophagic flux through the activation of AMPK- mTORC1- ULK1 pathway.