Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction

Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-mSPE) has gained special attention in the sample preparation process due to its simplicity, speed and efficiency. Different dispersion approaches have been used within this technique to allow a close contact between the sorbent and the donor sample solution during the entrapping step, but also between the sorbent and the solvent in the elution step. This dispersion favors the kinetics of both sorption and elution and therefore increases the efficiency of the overall extraction procedure. This technique boasts of high versatility owing to the great variety of solids available, covering a high range of chemical functionalities. This article provides an overview of the D-mSPE describing the origins, but making emphasis on the main extraction workflows, including the strategies to disperse the sorbents, and the sorbents themselves. Finally, the future trends of this technique are also discussed, being focused on automation and direct coupling with instrumental techniques. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.