Liquid phase microextraction associated with flow injection systems for the spectrometric determination of trace elements

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) has been widely used in extraction and preconcentration systems as an excellent alternative to conventional liquid phase extraction. In this work, a critical review is presented on LPME-based flow injection preconcentration systems. LPME techniques are classified into three main groups: single drop liquid phase microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). Flow injection systems involving these techniques are described and evaluated, addressing aspects related to advantages, disadvantages, components, solvents, samples, and trends. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.