Age-dependent hypoxia-induced PD-L1 upregulation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea

Background and objective In obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), intermittent hypoxia (IH) compromises immune surveillance through the upregulation of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand (PD-L1). Because the risk of OSA-related cancer depends on age, we assessed PD-L1/PD-1 expression in middle-aged and older patients with OSA as well as in a murine model. Methods PD-L1 expression was studied in 41 patients with severe OSA and 40 healthy volunteers (HV), divided into two groups (<= 55 and >55 years of age). We used flow cytometry, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA to determine PD-L1 expression on monocytes and plasma PD-L1 protein levels. Moreover, we analysed PD-L1 expression on an in vivo IH model with old and young mice. Results In subjects up to 55 years of age, severe OSA increased PD-L1 surface protein and mRNA level expression on monocytes and soluble-PD-L1 protein concentration in plasma compared to HV. PD-L1 and hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-1 alpha expression correlated with age in HV, whereas in patients with OSA there was a negative relationship. In the mice exposed to IH, PD-L1 expression on F4/80+ splenocytes was also only increased in young animals. HIF-1 alpha expression was significantly higher in patients with OSA than in HV in subjects up to 55 years of age, while PD-L1 expression in monocytes was related to HIF-1 alpha expression in young patients with OSA. Conclusion PD-L1 upregulation in patients with OSA as a consequence of HIF-1 alpha activation occurs mainly in young patients. In older patients with OSA, upregulation was not detected, possibly due to impaired oxygen sensitivity.