Protein N-homocysteinylation: From cellular toxicity to neurodegeneration

Background: Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur containing non-protein amino acid that occupies a central role in metabolism of thiol compounds. The past decade had noticed an explosion in interests of Hcy and this very interest came primarily from the fact that increased Hcy level is related to various neurodegenerative and vascular complications. Scope of review: Several factors responsible for the Hcy-associated neurotoxicity have been proposed and well documented in literature, including oxidative stress and apoptosis. In addition, protein covalent modification by the metabolite of Hcy, Hcy thiolactone (HTL), has now been shown to be another cause of cellular Hcy toxicity. This mechanism, termed as protein N-homocysteinylation, is known to result in protein denaturation, enzyme inactivation and even amyloid formation. The role of protein N-homocysteinylation and the resulting consequences with regard to neurodegeneration have not yet been extensively discussed. The present review describes major advances in understanding protein N-homocysteinylation and their role in neurodegeneration. Major conclusions: Formation of protein aggregates/amyloids are crucial events in various human pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases. Since elevated Hcy has been closely linked to neurodegeneration, N-homocysteinylation-induced protein modification and aggregates/amyloids formation could be one possible mechanism for the neurodegenerative conditions. General significance: The information highlighted here provides us an understanding of the role protein modification by N-homocysteinylation in neurodegenerative diseases. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.