Core crystallization and pile-up in the cooling sequence of evolving white dwarfs

White dwarfs are stellar embers depleted of nuclear energy sources that cool over billions of years(1). These stars, which are supported by electron degeneracy pressure, reach densities of 107 grams per cubic centimetre in their cores(2). It has been predicted that a first-order phase transition occurs during white-dwarf cooling, leading to the crystallization of the non-degenerate carbon and oxygen ions in the core, which releases a considerable amount of latent heat and delays the cooling process by about one billion years(3). However, no direct observational evidence of this effect has been reported so far. Here we report the presence of a pile-up in the cooling sequence of evolving white dwarfs within 100 parsecs of the Sun, determined using photometry and parallax data from the Gaia satellite(4). Using modelling, we infer that this pile-up arises from the release of latent heat as the cores of the white dwarfs crystallize. In addition to the release of latent heat, we find strong evidence that cooling is further slowed by the liberation of gravitational energy from element sedimentation in the crystallizing cores(5-7). Our results describe the energy released by crystallization in strongly coupled Coulomb plasmas(8,9), and the measured cooling delays could help to improve the accuracy of methods used to determine the age of stellar populations from white dwarfs(10).