Classification of subpulse drifting in pulsars

In this study, we propose a classification scheme for the phenomenon of subpulse drifting in pulsars. We have assembled an exhaustive list of pulsars that exhibit subpulse drifting from previously published results as well as recent observations using the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope. We have estimated detailed phase variations corresponding to the drifting features. Based on phase behaviour, the drifting population was classified into four groups: coherent phase-modulated drifting, switching phase-modulated drifting, diffuse phase-modulated drifting, and low-mixed phase-modulated drifting. We have re-established the previous assertion that the subpulse drifting is primarily associated with the conal components in pulsar profile. The core components generally do not show the drifting phenomenon. However, in core emission of certain pulsars longer periodic fluctuations are seen, which are similar to periodic nulling, and likely arise due to a different physical phenomenon. In general, the nature of the phase variations of the drifting features across the pulsar profile appears to be associated with specific pulsar profile classes, but we also find several examples that show departures from this trend. It has also been claimed in previous works that the spin-down energy loss is anticorrelated with the drifting periodicity. We have verified this dependence using a larger sample of drifting measurements.