期刊
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
卷 141, 期 1, 页码 599-610出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11739
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资金
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
- Fonds der Chemischen Industrie
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21473070, 21773085]
- Israel Science Foundation (ISF) [520/18]
- Cluster of Excellence Unifying Systems in Catalysis
Mechanistic aspects of the C-H bond activation of methane by metal-carbide cations MC+ of the 3d transition-metals Sc-Zn were elucidated by NEVPT2//CASSCF quantum-chemical calculations and verified experimentally for M = Ti, V, Fe, and Cu by using Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. While MC+ species with M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, and Zn activate CH4 at ambient temperature, this is prevented with carbide cations of M = Mn, Fe, and Co by high apparent barriers; NiC+ has a small apparent barrier. Hydrogen-atom transfers from methane to metal-carbide cations were found to proceed via a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism for M = Sc-Co; wherein the doubly occupied pi(xz/yz)-orbitals between metal and carbon at the carbon site serve as electron donors and the corresponding metal-centered vacant pi*(xz/yz)-orbitals as electron acceptors. Classical hydrogen-atom transfer transpires only in the case of NiC+, while ZnC follows a mechanistic scenario, in which a formally hydridic hydrogen is transferred. CuC+ reacts by a synchronous activation of two C-H bonds. While spin density is often so crucial for the reactions of numerous MO+/CH4 couples, it is much less important for the C-H bond activation by carbide cations of the 3d transition-metals, in which one notes large changes in bond dissociation energies, spin states, number of d-electrons, and charge distributions. All these factors jointly affect both the reactivity of the metal carbides and their mechanisms of C-H bond activation.
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