Microstructural evolution of aluminum alloy during friction stir welding under different tool rotation rates and cooling conditions

The microstructural evolution during friction stir welding (FSW) has long been studied only using onesingle welding parameter. Conclusions were usually made based on the final microstructure observationand hence were one-sided. In this study, we used the take-action technique to freeze the microstructure of an Al-Mg-Si alloy during FSW, and then systematically investigated the microstructures along the material flow path under different tool rotation rates and cooling conditions. A universal characteristic ofthe microstructural evolution including four stages was identified, i.e. dynamic recovery (DRV), dislocation multiplication, new grain formation and grain growth. However, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms in FSW depended on the welding condition. For the air cooling condition, the DRX mechanisms were related to continuous DRX associated with subgrain rotation and geometric DRX at high and low rotation rates, respectively. Under the water cooling condition, we found a new DRX mechanismassociated with the progressive lattice rotation resulting from the pinning of the second-phase particles. Based on the analyses of the influencing factors of grain refinement, it was clearly demonstrated thatthe delay of DRV and DRX was the efficient method to refine the grains during FSW. Besides, ultra-high strain rate and a short duration at high temperatures were the key factors to produce an ultrafine-grainedmaterial. (c) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.