Thixotropic gel electrolyte containing poly(ethylene glycol) with high zinc ion concentration for the secondary aqueous Zn/LiMn2O4 battery

We have designed an aqueous gel electrolyte containing fumed silica as the thixotropic gelling agent and poly (ethylene glycol) (MW = 300 g.mol(-1) ) as the non-thixotropic gelling agent. Poly(ethylene glycol) is also the dendrite suppressor and the corrosion inhibitor. Both PEG300 and fumed silica can inhibit dendrite formation, shown by chronoamperometry results and ex-situ scanning electron microscopy images. Furthermore, the corrosion current density on the Zn anode in the 4 wt%FS-1 wt%PEG300 gel electrolyte is 27% less than that of the Zn in the reference aqueous electrolyte. Secondary Zn/LiMn2O4 batteries using the 4 wt%FS-1 wt%PEG300 gel electrolyte exhibit higher cyclability (12% and 39% higher capacity retention, after 300 and 1000 cycles, in Swagelok and large cells, respectively) than those using the reference aqueous electrolyte. The vast improvements in cycling performance, reliability, and higher resistance to premature failure makes the PEG-FS gel a much better alternative to liquid electrolytes for maintenance-free energy storage applications.