Proinflammatory macrophages promote degenerative phenotypes in rat nucleus pulpous cells partly through ERK and JNK signaling

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is the major contributor to low back pain, a highly prevalent musculoskeletal problem that represents the leading cause of disability. Proinflammatory M1 macrophages were identified in degenerated IVDs. However, their role in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration and the underlying mechanism was largely unknown. In this study, we explored the combined effects of molecules secreted by M1 macrophages on nucleus pulposus cells, by treating rat nucleus pulposus cells (rNP) with the conditioned medium collected from M1-polarized RAW264.7 cells (MCYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EFCM). We found that MCYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EFCM caused molecular changes associated with IVD degeneration, including increased expression of key matrix catabolic genes (Adamts4, Adamts5, Mmp3, and Mmp13), reduced the expression of major matrix-associated anabolic genes (Sox9, Acan, and Col2a1), and upregulated transcription of inflammation-related genes (IL-1b, IL-6, Ccl2, and Ccl3), in rNP cells. Moreover, we found that MCYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EFCM activated both ERK and JNK pathways in these cells, and that inhibition of JNK pathway attenuated MCYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EFCM-induced expression of both catabolic and inflammatory genes, whereas ERK inhibition only suppressed induction of catabolic, but not inflammatory genes. Together, our data demonstrated that proinflammatory macrophages promoted the degenerative phenotypes in rNP cells in part through ERK and JNK signaling, and suggested that inhibition of these pathways may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of IVD degeneration.