Transcriptional and functional diversity of human macrophage repolarization

Background: Macrophage plasticity allows cells to adopt different phenotypes, a property with important implications in disorders such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma. Objective: We sought to examine the transcriptional and functional significance of macrophage repolarization from an M1 to an M2 phenotype and assess the role of a common human genetic disorder (CF) and a prototypical allergic disease (asthma) in this transformation. Methods: Monocyte-derived macrophages were collected from healthy subjects and patients with CF and polarized to an M2 state by using IL-4, IL-10, glucocorticoids, apoptotic PMNs, or azithromycin. We performed transcriptional profiling and pathway analysis for each stimulus. We assessed the ability of M2-repolarized macrophages to respond to LPS rechallenge and clear apoptotic neutrophils and used murine models to determine conserved functional responses to IL-4 and IL-10. We investigated whether M2 signatures were associated with alveolar macrophage phenotypes in asthmatic patients. Results: We found that macrophages exhibit highly diverse responses to distinct M2-polarizing stimuli. Specifically, IL-10 activated proinflammatory pathways and abrogated LPS tolerance, allowing rapid restoration of LPS responsiveness. In contrast, IL-4 enhanced LPS tolerance, dampening proinflammatory responses after repeat LPS challenge. A common theme observed across all M2 stimuli was suppression of interferon-associated pathways. We found that CF macrophages had intact reparative and transcriptional responses, suggesting that macrophage contributions to CFrelated lung disease are primarily shaped by their environment. Finally, we leveraged in vitro-derived signatures to show that allergen provocation induces distinct M2 state transcriptional patterns in alveolar macrophages. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the diversity of macrophage polarization, attribute functional consequences to different M2 stimuli, and provide a framework to phenotype macrophages in disease states.