Continuum embeddings in condensed-matter simulations

Continuum models have a long tradition in computational chemistry, where they have provided a compact and efficient way to characterize environment effects in quantum-mechanical simulations of solvated systems. Fattebert and Gygi pioneered the development of continuum dielectric embedding schemes for periodic systems and their seamless extension toward molecular dynamics simulations. Following their work, continuum embedding approaches in condensed-matter simulations have thrived. The possibility to model wet and electrified interfaces, with a reduced computational overhead with respect to isolated systems, is opening new perspectives in the characterization of materials and devices. Important applications of these new techniques are in the field of catalysis, electro-chemistry, electro-catalysis, etc. Here we will address the main physical and computational aspects of continuum embedding schemes recently developed for condensed-matter simulations, underlying their peculiarities and their differences with respect to the quantum-chemistry state-of-the-art.