Facile fabrication and optimization of bowl-like ZnO/CdS nano-composite thin films with hierarchical nanopores and nano-cracks for high-performance photoelectrochemistry

A special nano-structured composite ZnO/CdS thin film with hierarchical nanopores and nano-cracks has been synthesized by a facile two-step method for the first time, in which both loadings of ZnO and CdS are optimized. We first fabricated the hierarchical nano-porous ZnO thin film through rapid gas/liquid interface assembly and layer-by-layer transfers of bowl-like ZnO nanoparticles for thirteen times. The ZnO nanobowls are prepared by a simple solution chemical reaction without using any templates. After annealing, the assembled ZnO film is sensitized with CdS nanoparticles by successive ionic layer adsorption and reactions for six cycles. Nano-cracks form for the ZnO/CdS nano-composite film by calcination, which is due to the different thermal expansion behavior between the ZnO film and the CdS layer. The facilely optimized ZnO/CdS films can serve as a promising photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell, and it can generate a saturated photocurrent density as high as 7.8 mA cm(-2) at -0.9 V (vs. Hg vertical bar Hg2SO4 vertical bar saturated K2SO4) under visible light illumination of 100 mW cm(-2) in an aqueous solution of 0.5 M Na2S, corresponding to a solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 6.6%. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.