Refining and extending task-technology fit theory: Creation of two task-technology fit scales and empirical clarification of the construct

Research on task-technology fit (TTF) theory is in need of refinement that is centered around (1) conceptualizations of TTF, (2) operationalizations of TTF, (3) an oversight of misfit, and (4) an overemphasis on direct effects. We review TTF to place it in the broader nomological net of related constructs. We differentiate task-technology misfit (TTM) from TTF, and we distinguish two types of TTM, Too Little and Too Much. Then, we undergo a four-study process to create two satisfactory scales. Finally, we perform two empirical studies to confirm our three-dimensional conceptualization of TTF and TTM in the larger TTF theory framework.