The Nuclear Receptor PPARγ Controls Progressive Macrophage Polarization as a Ligand-Insensitive Epigenomic Ratchet of Transcriptional Memory

Macrophages polarize into distinct phenotypes in response to complex environmental cues. We found that the nuclear receptor PPAR gamma drove robust phenotypic changes in macrophages upon repeated stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4. The functions of PPARy on macrophage polarization in this setting were independent of ligand binding. Ligand-insensitive PPAR gamma bound DNA and recruited the coactivator P300 and the architectural protein RAD21. This established a permissive chromatin environment that conferred transcriptional memory by facilitating the binding of the transcriptional regulator STAT6 and RNA polymerase II, leading to robust production of enhancer and mRNAs upon IL-4 re-stimulation. Ligand-insensitive PPAR gamma binding controlled the expression of an extracellular matrix remodeling related gene network in macrophages. Expression of these genes increased during muscle regeneration in a mouse model of injury, and this increase coincided with the detection of IL-4 and PPAR gamma in the affected tissue. Thus, a predominantly ligand-insensitive PPAR gamma:RXR cistrome regulates progressive and/or reinforcing macrophage polarization.