期刊
HYDROLOGY RESEARCH
卷 46, 期 4, 页码 566-577出版社
IWA PUBLISHING
DOI: 10.2166/nh.2015.026
关键词
groundwater; heat transfer; ice; model; permafrost; surface water
资金
- National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Polar Programs [OPP-0422068, ARC-0517762, ARRA ARC-0909517]
- NSF's 'Resilience and Adaptation of Social-Ecological Systems in a Rapidly Changing North' IGERT program [0654441]
- Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research program [DEB-10226415]
- International Arctic Research Center
- Alaska EPSCoR NSF [OIA-1208927]
- state of Alaska
- Alaska Climate Science Center
- UAF Water and Environmental Research Center
- UAF Center for Global Change Student Research Grant
- USGS through the National Institutes for Water Research program
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1026415] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office Of The Director
- Office of Integrative Activities [1208927] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
The Tanana River flows through interior Alaska, a region characterized by discontinuous permafrost. Studies link degrading permafrost to increased winter river discharge due to greater groundwater (GW) recharge increasing GW input to river baseflow. In winter, interior Alaskan rivers are exclusively fed by GW, which provides an external source of heat. In fact, some portions of rivers fed by GW maintain thin ice cover throughout the winter, or remain ice-free, despite very cold air temperatures. These ice conditions represent a significant danger to rural Alaskans who extensively use rivers for wintertime travel in this largely roadless area. A physically based, numeric model was developed to examine the consequences of permafrost degradation in explaining unfrozen river conditions in the winter. Results show that the ice melt was amplified by increased water column temperatures, flow velocities, air temperature, and snowfall. Abrupt changes in snowfall were illustrated to contribute to decreased ice thickness and more hazardous conditions for winter travelers. The model examines the physical mechanisms that underlie dangerous ice conditions in winter and early spring, and suggests that GW flow parameters need to be better characterized to model mid-winter ice degradation in sub-arctic environments.
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