Translocating transcription factors in fluid shear stress-mediated vascular remodeling and disease

Endothelial cells are exposed to fluid shear stress profiles that vary in magnitude, pulsatility, and directionality due to regional variations in blood vessel structure. Laminar flow at physiological levels is atheroprotective; multidirectional or reversing low (disturbed) flow promotes inflammation and disease; and high or low laminar flow promote outward or inward remodeling, respectively. However, our understanding of how endothelial cells discern these different flow profiles and regulate gene expression accordingly is limited. This article reviews recent studies that identify the TGF beta/Smad, Notch, Yap/Taz, and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways as important mediators of flow profile- and magnitude-dependent signaling.