相关参考文献
注意:仅列出部分参考文献,下载原文获取全部文献信息。Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: a narrative review
Roy J. Hopkins et al.
GASTROENTEROLOGY REPORT (2018)
The Rise and Fall of Metronidazole for Clostridium difficile Infection
Elias B. Chahine
ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY (2018)
In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor, against Clostridium difficile
Tarun Mathur et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2018)
Phase 1 Study To Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Multiple Oral Doses of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects
Alexander G. Vandell et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2018)
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)
L. Clifford McDonald et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)
The role of tigecycline in the management of Clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective cohort study
E. Manea et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2018)
Update of treatment algorithms for Clostridium difficile infection
R. E. Ooijevaar et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2018)
The ClosER study: results from a three-year pan-European longitudinal surveillance of antibiotic resistance among prevalent Clostridium difficile ribotypes, 2011-2014
J. Freeman et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2018)
The outcome of patients with severe and severe-complicated Clostridium difficile infection treated with tigecycline combination therapy: a retrospective observational study
Emma J. Bishop et al.
INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL (2018)
A Phase I, Single-Ascending-Dose Study in Healthy Subjects to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor
Justin Dennie et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2018)
Efficacy and safety of fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection in a randomized, double-blind, comparative Phase III study in Japan
Hiroshige Mikamo et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2018)
Comparative efficacy of treatments for Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Tumas Beinortas et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)
Extended-pulsed fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection in patients 60 years and older (EXTEND): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3b/4 trial
Benoit Guery et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)
Clostridium difficile Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms
Saeed S. Banawas
BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2018)
Targeting Clostridium difficile Surface Components to Develop Immunotherapeutic Strategies Against Clostridium difficile Infection
Severine Pechine et al.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2018)
Primary Prevention of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea: Current Controversies and Future Tools
Zachary A. Rubin et al.
CURRENT INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS (2018)
Clinical review of Clostridium difficile infection: an update on treatment and prevention
Lindsay M. Daniels et al.
EXPERT OPINION ON PHARMACOTHERAPY (2018)
Fidaxomicin vs Vancomycin for the Treatment of a First Episode of Clostridium Difficile Infection: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Laith A. Al Momani et al.
CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2018)
Novel Antimicrobials for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
Nicola Petrosillo et al.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2018)
Early Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Improves Survival in Severe Clostridium difficile Infections
Marie Hocquart et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)
An Unusual Case of Ototoxicity with Use of Oral Vancomycin
Umut Gomceli et al.
CASE REPORTS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)
Comparison of Different Strategies for Providing Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Treat Patients with Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in Two English Hospitals: A Review
Simon D. Goldenberg et al.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THERAPY (2018)
Role of cephalosporins in the era of Clostridium difficile infection
Mark H. Wilcox et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2017)
Complications, effectiveness, and long term follow-up of fecal microbiota transfer by nasoduodenal tube for treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
Yvette H. van Beurden et al.
UNITED EUROPEAN GASTROENTEROLOGY JOURNAL (2017)
Emerging monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile infection
Severine Pechine et al.
EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY (2017)
Cadazolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile
Bradley T. Endres et al.
EXPERT OPINION ON INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS (2017)
Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression Analysis
Nicole T. Shen et al.
GASTROENTEROLOGY (2017)
Fidaxomicin for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in clinical practice: a prospective cohort study in a French University Hospital
Marie Pichenot et al.
INFECTION (2017)
Effect of Oral Capsule-vs Colonoscopy-Delivered Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection A Randomized Clinical Trial
Dina Kao et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2017)
Surotomycin versus vancomycin in adults with Clostridium difficile infection: primary clinical outcomes from the second pivotal, randomized, double-blind, Phase 3 trial
P. Daley et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2017)
Efficacy and safety of ridinilazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, non-inferiority study
Richard J. Vickers et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection among Medicare patients in nursing homes A population-based cohort study
Marya D. Zilberberg et al.
MEDICINE (2017)
Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection
M. H. Wilcox et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)
Cost-effectiveness analysis on the use of fidaxomicin and vancomycin to treat Clostridium difficile infection in France
Maureen Watt et al.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ECONOMICS (2017)
Current challenges in the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection: early treatment potential of fecal microbiota transplantation
Yvette H. van Beurden et al.
THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (2017)
Does Adjunctive Tigecycline Improve Outcomes in Severe-Complicated, Nonoperative Clostridium difficile Infection?
Mary T. LaSalvia et al.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)
Primary Outcomes From a Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial of Surotomycin in Subjects With Clostridium difficile Infection
Vicente Boix et al.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)
Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults
Richard L. Nelson et al.
COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS (2017)
A Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Vaccines as Prophylaxis for Clostridium difficile Infections
Mackenzie Henderson et al.
VACCINES (2017)
Safety, Tolerability, Systemic Exposure, and Metabolism of CRS3123, a MethionyltRNA Synthetase Inhibitor Developed for Treatment of Clostridium difficile, in a Phase 1 Study
Seema U. Nayak et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2017)
Protective antibodies against Clostridium difficile are present in intravenous immunoglobulin and are retained in humans following its administration
O. H. Negm et al.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2017)
Fecal microbiota transplant in severe and severe-complicated &ITClostridium difficile&IT: A promising treatment approach
Monika Fischer et al.
GUT MICROBES (2017)
Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates from a Phase 2 clinical trial of cadazolid and vancomycin in C-difficile infection
D. N. Gerding et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2016)
The efficacy of intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: a case series
Christine M. Akamine et al.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)
Oral, frozen fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) capsules for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
Ilan Youngster et al.
BMC MEDICINE (2016)
Use of intravenous tigecycline in patients with severe Clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective observational cohort study
B. Gergely Szabo et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2016)
Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases updated guidelines for the management of Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand
J. A. Trubiano et al.
INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL (2016)
Surotomycin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection: Phase 2, randomized, controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority, multicentre trial
Christine H. Lee et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2016)
A phase 1, placebo-controlled, randomized study of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a Clostridium difficile vaccine administered with or without aluminum hydroxide in healthy adults
Eric Sheldon et al.
VACCINE (2016)
Safety, immunogenicity and dose response of VLA84, a new vaccine candidate against Clostridium difficile, in healthy volunteers
Nicole Bezay et al.
VACCINE (2016)
Defining the optimal formulation and schedule of a candidate toxoid vaccine against Clostridium difficile infection: A randomized Phase 2 clinical trial
Guy de Bruyn et al.
VACCINE (2016)
A pilot study to assess bacterial and toxin reduction in patients with Clostridium difficile infection given fidaxomicin or vancomycin
Abrar K. Thabit et al.
ANNALS OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIALS (2016)
Clostridium difficile infection
Wiep Klaas Smits et al.
NATURE REVIEWS DISEASE PRIMERS (2016)
Clostridium difficile infection: a review of current and emerging therapies
Andrew Ofosu
ANNALS OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2016)
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection A Systematic Review
Dimitri Drekonja et al.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2015)
A randomised phase 1 study to investigate safety, pharmacokinetics and impact on gut microbiota following single and multiple oral doses in healthy male subjects of SMT19969, a novel agent for Clostridium difficile infections
Richard Vickers et al.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2015)
Dramatic reduction in Clostridium difficile ribotype 027-associated mortality with early fecal transplantation by the nasogastric route: a preliminary report
J. -C. Lagier et al.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2015)
Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial To Compare the Safety and Efficacy of LFF571 and Vancomycin for Clostridium difficile Infections
Kathleen Mullane et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2015)
Occurrence of Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 027 and it's closely related PCR-ribotype 176 in hospitals in Poland in 2008-2010
Piotr Obuch-Woszczatynski et al.
ANAEROBE (2014)
Strain Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Clostridium difficile Isolates from the United States, 2011 to 2013
Isabella A. Tickler et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2014)
Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Relapsing Clostridium difficile Infection Using a Frozen Inoculum From Unrelated Donors: A Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Pilot Study
Ilan Youngster et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)
Vancomycin, Metronidazole, or Tolevamer for Clostridium difficile Infection: Results From Two Multinational, Randomized, Controlled Trials
Stuart Johnson et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection
S. B. Debast et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2014)
Tigecycline for severe Clostridium difficile infection
Ashley Thomas et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)
Cadazolid, a novel antibiotic with potent activity against Clostridium difficile: safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects following single and multiple oral doses
Daniela Baldoni et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2014)
Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections
Christina M. Surawicz et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2013)
Comparative In Vitro Activities of SMT19969, a New Antimicrobial Agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Aerobic and Anaerobic Intestinal Flora Isolates
Ellie J. C. Goldstein et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2013)
All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Clostridium difficile Infection: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Marjolein P. M. Hensgens et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2013)
Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile
Miao He et al.
NATURE GENETICS (2013)
Duodenal Infusion of Donor Feces for Recurrent Clostridium difficile
Els van Nood et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2013)
Standardized Frozen Preparation for Transplantation of Fecal Microbiota for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection
Matthew J. Hamilton et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2012)
Comparative In Vitro Activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 Other Intestinal Strains of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
Diane M. Citron et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2012)
Efficacy of LFF571 in a Hamster Model of Clostridium difficile Infection
Anna Trzasko et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2012)
MBX-500, a Hybrid Antibiotic with In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy against Toxigenic Clostridium difficile
Michelle M. Butler et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2012)
Fidaxomicin Failures in Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Problem of Timing
Robert Orenstein
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2012)
Fidaxomicin Preserves the Intestinal Microbiome During and After Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) and Reduces Both Toxin Reexpression and Recurrence of CDI
Thomas J. Louie et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2012)
Reduced Acquisition and Overgrowth of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Candida Species in Patients Treated With Fidaxomicin Versus Vancomycin for Clostridium difficile Infection
Michelle M. Nerandzic et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2012)
Treatment of First Recurrence of Clostridium difficile Infection: Fidaxomicin Versus Vancomycin
Oliver A. Comely et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2012)
Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial
Oliver A. Cornely et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2012)
Phase I dose finding studies of an adjuvanted Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine
Richard N. Greenberg et al.
VACCINE (2012)
Diverting Loop Ileostomy and Colonic Lavage An Alternative to Total Abdominal Colectomy for the Treatment of Severe, Complicated Clostridium difficile Associated Disease
Matthew D. Neal et al.
ANNALS OF SURGERY (2011)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection
Kevin W. Garey et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2011)
Fidaxomicin versus Vancomycin for Clostridium difficile Infection
Thomas J. Louie et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2011)
Oral vancomycin may have significant absorption in patients with Clostridium difficile colitis
Shingo Chihara et al.
SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults: 2010 Update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
Stuart H. Cohen et al.
INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2010)
Inhibiting the Initiation of Clostridium difficile Spore Germination using Analogs of Chenodeoxycholic Acid, a Bile Acid
Joseph A. Sorg et al.
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY (2010)
Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies against Clostridium difficile Toxins
Israel Lowy et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2010)
Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
Brett A. Leav et al.
VACCINE (2010)
Rifaximin Redux: Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with Rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment
Stuart Johnson et al.
ANAEROBE (2009)
OPT-80 Eliminates Clostridium difficile and Is Sparing of Bacteroides Species during Treatment of C-difficile Infection
Thomas J. Louie et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2009)
Nitazoxanide versus Vancomycin in Clostridium difficile Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study
Daniel M. Musher et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2009)
Spectrum of activity and mode of action of REP3123, a new antibiotic to treat Clostridium difficile infections
Ian A. Critchley et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2009)
Current and future treatment modalities for Clostridium difficile-associated disease
Jennifer Halsey
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH-SYSTEM PHARMACY (2008)
Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
Wafa N. Al-Nassir et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2008)
The case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
John G. Bartlett
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2008)
Metronidazole resistance in Clostridium difficile is heterogeneous
T. Pelaez et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2008)
Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults
A. Pillai et al.
COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS (2008)
A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile -: Associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
Fred A. Zar et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2007)
Clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy:: response to nitazoxanide
Daniel M. Musher et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2007)
Nitazoxanide - A review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections
Vanessa R. Anderson et al.
DRUGS (2007)
Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile -: Associated diarrhea
Danny Lagrotteria et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2006)
Frequent emergence of resistance in Clostridium difficile during treatment of C-difficile-associated diarrhea with Fusidic acid
T. Noren et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2006)
Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
Daniel M. Musher et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2006)
Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile -: Associated diarrhea
Thomas J. Louie et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2006)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the tetracyclines including glycylcyclines
Kenneth N. Agwuh et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2006)
Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada
J Pépin et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2006)
Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
M Warny et al.
LANCET (2005)
Ramoplanin: A lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic
DK Farver et al.
ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY (2005)
Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies
S Aslam et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2005)
A double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea
M Wullt et al.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2004)
Evidence for biliary excretion of vancomycin into stool during intravenous therapy: Potential implications for rectal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci
BP Currie et al.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2004)
Probiotics to enhance anti-infective defences in the gastrointestinal tract
HS Gill
BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY (2003)
Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile strains from patients with diarrhea:: Low disease incidence and evidence of limited cross-infection in a Swedish teaching hospital
B Svenungsson et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2003)
Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis:: Case series and review of the literature
A Apisarnthanarak et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2002)
Breaking the cycle:: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
LV McFarland et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2002)
Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toroid vaccine administered to healthy adults
KL Kotloff et al.
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY (2001)
The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease:: Use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii
CM Surawicz et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2000)
Comparative pharmacoeconomic study of vancomycin and teicoplanin in intensive care patients
F Abad et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (2000)
Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A.
L Kyne et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2000)