Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induced macrophage foam cell formation through NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Macrophage foam cell formation (FCF) has long been known to play a critical role during atherosclerotic plaque development. In the presence of atherogenic molecules such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) macrophages accumulate massive amounts of lipid through uptake. However, in the presence of oxLDL mechanism of dysregulated lipid homeostasis in the macrophages remains largely unknown. Herein we have investigated the role of Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 in oxLDL-induced inflammation and altered lipid homeostasis in macrophages. The U937 monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were stimulated with different doses of oxLDL. MTT assay to study the effect of oxLDL on cell viability, Oil-Red-O (ORO) staining to observe cytosolic lipid accumulation, semi-quantitative PCR and Western blotting to analyze mRNA and protein expressions, respectively, and spectrophotometric assay to measure the lipid synthesizing enzymes activity were performed. Our results indicate that oxLDL increased proliferation in monocytes and decreased the viability in MDMs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The oxLDL (100 mu g/ml) enhanced lipid accumulation via increased expressions of SREBP-1 and its downstream proteins such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) at both RNA and protein levels in monocytes as well as in MDMs. Inhibiting SREBP-1 by a synthetic inhibitor prevented excessive lipid accumulation by downregulating the expression of its downstream proteins. Further, oxLDL increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and active interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) release in both the cell types. The oxLDL-induced NLRP3 could be responsible for SREBP-1 and downstream proteins overexpression as siRNA silencing of NLRP3 decreased SERBP-1 levels. In summary, we have demonstrated that SREBP-1 could be a key player in oxLDL-induced excessive lipid accumulation leading to macrophage FCF via ROS-mediated NLRP3/IL-1 beta/SREBP-1 pathway.