Triggers of spawning and oocyte maturation in the commercial sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa

The present study investigated methods to trigger spawning and artificially induce oocyte maturation in the commercial cold-water suspension-feeding sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Spawning occurred after exposure to live phytoplankton, commercial phytoplankton paste, and conspecific sperm. Live phytoplankton at 1 x 10(5) cells ml(-1) induced the highest proportion of females to spawn (mean of 56%); promoted the greatest oocyte release (mean of 19,200 oocytes female(-1)), best quality of eggs and highest survival of embryos (65%; 20 d post fertilization). More concentrated live phytoplankton (1 x 10(6) cells ml(-1)) triggered 43% of the females to release similar to 16,100 oocytes female(-1) and survival rates 20 d post fertilization were lower (50%). Both phytoplankton paste treatments (1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(6) cells ml(-1)) yielded intermediate results in terms of percent spawning females (26%), abundance of oocytes released (11,000 and 7300 oocytes female(-1), respectively), quality of eggs, and survival of embryos (44 and 50%, respectively). Sperm from conspecific (2 and 10 x 10(6) spermatozoa ml(-1)) induced the lowest proportion of females to spawn (16%) with release of 3000 and 1700 oocytes female-1, respectively; furthermore, all embryos died within 10 d post fertilization. Results for males were slightly different: spawning was more frequent (63%) in the sperm treatment at 2 x 10(6) spermatozoa ml(-1) followed by live phytoplankton at 1 x 10(6) and 1 x 10(5) cells ml(-1) (43%), and phytoplankton paste at 1 x 10(5) cells ml(-1) (46%); the lowest spawning success was observed for phytoplankton paste at 1 x 10(6) cells ml(-1) and conspecific sperm at 10 x 10(6) spermatozoa ml(-1) (26%). Thermal shock, desiccation, potassium chloride (injection or bath), and serotonin (injection) did not induce spawning in C. frondosa. When oocytes isolated from mature ovaries were exposed to three different concentrations of 1-Methyladenine (1-MA), Dithiothreitol (DTT), 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL), and L-cysteine (L-cyst), DTT at 10(-1) M induced the highest proportion of oocytes (48%) to shed follicle cells (i.e. ovulate); whereas other treatments induced only 2-6% of ovulation, similar to the control (seawater). All oocytes that shed follicle cells remained unfertilizable. Overall, live phytoplankton emerged as the most suitable spawning trigger for C. frondosa, a Dendrochirotida that produces maternally-provisioned oocytes. In the context of expanding sea cucumber aquaculture, this finding provides a tool to maximize the availability of gametes in this cold-water species, with possible applicability to similar commercial dendrochitotids.