期刊
BOTANY LETTERS
卷 165, 期 3-4, 页码 440-475出版社
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2018.1487884
关键词
Carpobrotus edulis; Carpobrotus acinaciformis; invasive alien species; biotic interactions; ecological constrains; ecophysiology; environmental impacts; hybridization potentialities; invasion history; management plans; reproductive strategies; species distribution
资金
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
- European Regional Development's Fund (ERDF) [CGL2013-48885-C2-2-R]
- Stellenbosch University's DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology
- Working for Water Programme of the South African Department of Environmental Affairs, through the South African National Biodiversity Institute Invasive Species Programme
- Centre of Excellence PLADIAS (Czech Science Foundation) [14-36079G]
- long-term research development project (The Czech Academy of Sciences) [RVO 67985939]
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) [CGL2013-44519-R]
- European Regional Development Fund, ERDF
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [CGL2013-48885-C2-1-R]
This report synthesizes all aspects of the taxonomy, distribution, history of introduction and spread, ecological constrains (including preferred climate, substratum and habitats), responses to biotic and abiotic factors, biology (including phenology, vegetative and reproductive biology), economic importance and human uses, ecological impacts, legislation and management of Carpobrotus N.E.Br. (Aizoaceae), a prominent invasive plant in Europe. Carpobrotus species are mat-forming trailing succulent perennial herbs native from South Africa, introduced in Europe for ornamental and soil stabilization purposes since the beginning of the seventeenth century, now widely naturalized on coastal habitats of southern and western Europe. C. acinaciformis and C. edulis are the main species recognized outside South Africa, together with their hybrids and potential hybrid swarms. Identification conflicts both in the native and invaded areas raise doubts on the taxonomy of these taxa, but hybridization processes may boost adaptive changes in the invaded range. The release of Carpobrotus in natural environments and protected areas is prohibited in several European countries, but this taxon is not included in the list of invasive species of Union concern. Carpobrotus is a pioneer of disturbed sites and coastal areas including cliffs and sand dune systems, due to its tolerance to stress factors such as salinity, drought and excess of light. Carpobrotus invasion ultimately affects patterns of native species diversity. Moreover, it has been recognized as a major driver of soil conditions shifts and soil geo-chemical processes disruptions, representing a serious threat for coastal habitats. Management plans for Carpobrotus must consider its high plasticity for morphological and ecophysiological traits, which may probably explain its tolerance to a wide range of ecological conditions. Its flexible mating systems, which represent an optimal strategy to facilitate local adaptation and habitat colonization, include ability to produce apomictic seeds, self- and cross-pollination, and an intense vegetative clonality. In addition, Carpobrotus produces a large seed bank with a moderate short-term persistence, and fruits are effectively dispersed by mammals. The most efficient control methods are physical removal and herbicide application on leaves, whereas integration of biological control with other conventional management methods are likely to be most effective. A long-term monitoring of control actions and restoration of soil conditions are needed to prevent recovering from clonal parts, seed bank or mammal faeces as well as potential new invasions by other opportunistic species.
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