Outcome of fixation for nonunion of extremities

Purpose. To review the outcomes of 102 consecutive patients who underwent fixation for nonunion of extremities. Methods. Medical records of 71 men and 31 women aged 16 to 82 (mean, 45; standard deviation [SD], 19) years who underwent fixation for nonunion of the upper (n=31) and lower (n=71) extremities were reviewed. The nonunion types included oligotrophic (n=47), hypertrophic (n=22), atrophic (n=17), defect (n=12), and comminuted (n=4). 13 of the nonunions were infected. 10 patients had concomitant injuries of the brain (n=2), abdomen (n=5), chest (n=1), and spine (n=2). 43 patients were smokers, and 19 had diabetes mellitus. 80 patients had had previous surgery, and 3 had undergone previous radiotherapy. The mean time from injury to nonunion surgery was 19 (SD, 25.6; range, 6-180) months. Outcome measures included bone union, ability to return to original work, pain, gait, and loss of range of motion. Results. The mean follow-up period was 26.6 (SD, 19.9; range, 8-121) months. 100 patients achieved bone union. 83 of them achieved bone union after a single surgery in a mean of 5.6 (SD, 2.9) months. The remaining 17 patients underwent multiple surgeries, 13 of whom had infected nonunions. Two patients did not achieve bone union. Of 64 patients who had work, 47 returned to their original work and 17 did not. Outcome was unsatisfactory in 5 patients who had persistent pain and/or no improvement in gait. Conclusion. Bone union is not necessarily associated with adequate recovery of function.