Climatic uncertainty in Himalayan water towers

The Himalayan water towers (e.g., Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra) play a major role in water resource availability and affect a significant population in the South Asia region. Climatic uncertainty in the region not only hampers progress toward process understanding but also decision making. Observational data sets show uncertainty (standard deviation in mean temperature in data sets) of 0.2 to 0.5 degrees C in winter (January-February-March-April) and the monsoon season (June-July-August-September) air temperature. Observational uncertainty in precipitation in the winter and monsoon seasons ranged between 6 and 17% (with respect to ensemble mean seasonal precipitation) in the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins. The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) South Asia regional climate models (CORDEX-RCMs) show larger uncertainty (1-3.6 degrees C in temperature and 18-60% in precipitation) than that of the observations. Moreover, RCMs exhibit a large cold bias (6-8 degrees C) and are not able to reproduce the observed warming in the Himalayan water towers. In fact, the CORDEX-RCMs overestimate observed warming by threefold in Ganges and Brahmaputra basins, which raises a question on their reliability on future warming trends in the region. The CORDEX-RCMs overestimate the area that experienced significant warming and fail to reproduce precipitation trends in both magnitude as well as direction. In observational data sets, uncertainty in precipitation and air temperature increases with elevation, which may be associated with sparse observations. However, the CORDEX-RCMs showed larger uncertainty at the lower elevations in both precipitation as well as temperature. The host general circulation models show a better performance in simulating winter climate than the CORDEX-RCMs, which suggest that an improved representation of elevation may not necessarily improve the model's performance. While observations show significant warming in the Indus basin and decline in the monsoon season precipitation in the Ganges basin, reliability of future climate projections and their impacts on water resources in the region will depend on improvements in the models and observations in coming years. Key Points