期刊
MICROBIOLOGYOPEN
卷 3, 期 3, 页码 341-355出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.172
关键词
Flower microbe communities; host-parasite interaction; microbial prevalence; spiroplasma; symbiont; temporal survey
类别
资金
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
- Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (CNPq/MAPA/SDA) [064/2008]
- Sao Paulo State Research Funding Agency (FAPESP) [2012/18802-3]
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1415604] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Two species of Spiroplasma (Mollicutes) bacteria were isolated from and described as pathogens of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, similar to 30 years ago but recent information on them is lacking despite global concern to understand bee population declines. Here we provide a comprehensive survey for the prevalence of these two Spiroplasma species in current populations of honey bees using improved molecular diagnostic techniques to assay multiyear colony samples from North America (U.S.A.) and South America (Brazil). Significant annual and seasonal fluctuations of Spiroplasma apis and Spiroplasma melliferum prevalence in colonies from the U.S.A. (n = 616) and Brazil (n = 139) occurred during surveys from 2011 through 2013. Overall, 33% of U.S.A. colonies and 54% of Brazil colonies were infected by Spiroplasma spp., where S. melliferum predominated over S. apis in both countries (25% vs. 14% and 44% vs. 38% frequency, respectively). Colonies were co-infected by both species more frequently than expected in both countries and at a much higher rate in Brazil (52%) compared to the U.S.A. (16.5%). U.S.A. samples showed that both species were prevalent not only during spring, as expected from prior research, but also during other seasons. These findings demonstrate that the model of honey bee spiroplasmas as springtime-restricted pathogens needs to be broadened and their role as occasional pathogens considered in current contexts.
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