期刊
JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS
卷 -, 期 139, 页码 -出版社
JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS
DOI: 10.3791/58240
关键词
Biochemistry; Issue 139; Mitotic cell-cycle; self-sustained oscillations; Xenopus laevis; cycling cell-free extracts; time-lapse fluorescence microscopy; in vitro; single-cell analysis; artificial cells; microemulsion
资金
- National Science Foundation [1553031]
- National Institutes of Health (MIRA) [GM119688]
- Sloan Research Fellowship
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1553031] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Div Of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience [1553031] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Real-time measurement of oscillations at the single-cell level is important to uncover the mechanisms of biological clocks. Although bulk extracts prepared from Xenopus laevis eggs have been powerful in dissecting biochemical networks underlying the cell-cycle progression, their ensemble average measurement typically leads to a damped oscillation, despite each individual oscillator being sustained. This is due to the difficulty of perfect synchronization among individual oscillators in noisy biological systems. To retrieve the single-cell dynamics of the oscillator, we developed a droplet-based artificial cell system that can reconstitute mitotic cycles in cell-like compartments encapsulating cycling cytoplasmic extracts of Xenopus laevis eggs. These simple cytoplasmic-only cells exhibit sustained oscillations for over 30 cycles. To build more complicated cells with nuclei, we added demembranated sperm chromatin to trigger nuclei self-assembly in the system. We observed a periodic progression of chromosome condensation/decondensation and nuclei envelop breakdown/reformation, like in real cells. This indicates that the mitotic oscillator functions faithfully to drive multiple downstream mitotic events. We simultaneously tracked the dynamics of the mitotic oscillator and downstream processes in individual droplets using multi-channel time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. The artificial cell-cycle system provides a high-throughput framework for quantitative manipulation and analysis of mitotic oscillations with single-cell resolution, which likely provides important insights into the regulatory machinery and functions of the clock.
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