Evaluation of interleukin-1β and 8 in gutka chewers with periodontitis among a rural Indian population

Purpose: Smokeless tobacco-based oral-use products like gutka are popular in India. Gutka usage leads to increased periodontal destruction and inflammation; however, the relevant mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of gutka in periodontitis by examining its effect on the levels of interleukin (IL) 1 beta and IL-8 from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients with periodontitis (15 gutka chewers [GCP] and 15 nongutka chewers [NGC]) and 15 periodontally healthy controls (HC) were selected. The full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (RC) were recorded. The IL-1 beta and IL-8 levels in the GCF of all subjects were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine). Results: The IL-1 beta and IL-8 levels were not significantly higher in the GCP group (IL-1 beta, 369.01 +/- 273.44 mu L; IL-8, 205.97 +/- 196.78 mu L) as compared to those in the NGC group (IL-1 beta, 195.57 +/- 96.85 mu L; IL-8, 178.61 +/- 149.35 mu L). More gingival RC and loss of attachment was seen among the GCP group (RC: 2.02 +/- 0.31, P=0.013; CAL: 4.60 +/- 0.56, P<0.001) than among the NGC group (RC, 1.21 +/- 1.15; CAL, 3.70 +/- 0.32); however, PD was deeper among the NGC subjects (P=0.002). PI and GI were significantly higher for the periodontitis group (P<0.001) when compared to the HC, but there was no difference among gutka chewers and non-chewers (P=0.22 and P=0.89). A positive correlation was found between the IL-8 levels and the duration of gutka chewing (r=-0.64, P<0.01). Conclusions: Gutka chewing leads to increased gingival RC and clinical loss of attachment. There was no effect seen in the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the GCF of gutka users.