期刊
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
卷 3, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00025
关键词
Panax genus; Panax ginseng; ginsenosides; anticancer activities; structure-activity relationship; molecular mechanism; pre-clinical pharmacology; clinical trials
资金
- NIH [R01 CA112029, R01 CA121211, R01 CA91980]
- One Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Nature Science Foundation [81125020, 91029715, 31070680]
Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are often toxic not only to tumor cells but also to normal cells, limiting their therapeutic use in the clinic. Novel natural product anticancer compounds present an attractive alternative to synthetic compounds, based on their favorable safety and efficacy profiles. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the anticancer potential of Panax ginseng, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The anti-tumor efficacy of ginseng is attributed mainly to the presence of saponins, known as ginsenosides. In this review, we focus on how ginsenosides exert their anticancer effects by modulation of diverse signaling pathways, including regulation of cell proliferation mediators (CDKs and cyclins), growth factors (c-myc, EGFR, and vascular endothelial growth factor), tumor suppressors (p53 and p21), oncogenes (MDM2), cell death mediators (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP caspases, and death receptors), inflammatory response molecules (NF-kappa B and COX-2), and protein kinases (JNK, Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase). We also discuss the structure activity relationship of various ginsenosides and their potentials in the treatment of various human cancers. In summary, recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of ginsenosides as cancer therapeutic agents support further pre-clinical and clinical development of these agents for the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors.
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