Transition metal oxides for high performance sodium ion battery anodes

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are attracting considerable attention with expectation of replacing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs). To explore high performance anode materials for SIBs is highly desired subject to the current anode research mainly limited to carbonaceous materials. In this study, a series of transition metal oxides (TMOs) is successfully demonstrated as anodes for SIBs for the first time. The sodium uptake/extract is confirmed in the way of reversible conversion reaction. The pseudocapacitance-type behavior is also observed in the contribution of sodium capacity. For Fe2O3 anode, a reversible capacity of 386 mAh g(-1)at 100 mA g(-1) is achieved over 200 cycles; as high as 233 mAh g(-1) is sustained even cycling at a large current-density of 5 A g(-1). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.