Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Alzheimer Disease and of Parkinson Disease to Determine If These 2 Diseases Share a Common Genetic Risk

IMPORTANCE Despite Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) being clinically distinct entities, there is a possibility of a pathological overlap, with some genome-wide association (GWA) studies suggesting that the 2 diseases represent a biological continuum. The application of GWA studies to idiopathic forms of AD and PD have identified a number of loci that contain genetic variants that increase the risk of these disorders. OBJECTIVE To assess the genetic overlap between PD and AD by testing for the presence of potentially pleiotropic loci in 2 recent GWA studies of PD and AD. DESIGN Combined GWA analysis. SETTING Data sets from the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and the United States. PARTICIPANTS Thousands of patients with AD or PD and their controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Meta-analysis of GWA studies of AD and PD. METHODS To identify evidence for potentially pleiotropic alleles that increased the risk for both PD and AD, we performed a combined PD-AD meta-analysis and compared the results with those obtained in the primary GWA studies. We also tested for a net effect of potentially polygenic alleles that were shared by both disorders by performing a polygenic score analysis. Finally, we also performed a gene-based association analysis that was aimed at detecting genes that harbor multiple disease-causing single-nucleotide polymorphisms, some of which confer a risk of PD and some a risk of AD. RESULTS Detailed interrogation of the single-nucleotide polymorphism, polygenic, and gene-based analyses resulted in no significant evidence that supported the presence of loci that increase the risk of both PD and AD. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Our findings therefore imply that loci that increase the risk of both PD and AD are not widespread and that the pathological overlap could instead be downstream of the primary susceptibility genes that increase the risk of each disease.