Graphene-incorporated chitosan substrata for adhesion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells

A simple method that uses graphene to fabricate nanotopographic substrata was reported for stem cell engineering. Graphene-incorporated chitosan substrata promoted adhesion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). In addition, we proposed that nanotopographic cues of the substrata could enhance cell-cell and cell-material interactions for promoting functions of hMSCs.