Material Flow Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Portable Computers

Engineered nanomaterials are finding application in a wide range of consumer electronics. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are candidate materials for use in enhancing the performance of lithium-ion battery anode and cathodes. However, past studies indicate that some toxicological effects exist for CNTs, although full evaluation may yet take time. Appraisals of material flows of potential products containing CNTs are useful for early recognition of environmental problems, for investment planning in production and waste management infrastructures, and for government policy formulation. This material flow analysis (MFA) study uses a stock dynamics and logistic model to forecast the technology transition from conventional Li-ion batteries in portable computers to CNT Li-ion batteries and the subsequent waste generation of CNTs in obsolete laptop batteries. State-specific recycling rates for electronic waste are projected to determine the quantities of CNTs in laptop batteries destined for recycling, incineration, or landfilling. As markets for CNT-enabled electronics begin to expand, United States collection and recycling facilities may consider establishment of new processes or controls to reduce the potential for CNT emissions and exposures.