The developing language abilities and increased risks of 'unaffected' siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder

Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at a higher risk than the general population of developing ASD, ASD traits and other developmental differences. A review of prospective longitudinal studies that have followed siblings up to the age of 3 years reveal that siblings with non-ASD outcomes are at increased risk for early language delays; however, there is a dearth of research on language development in these children through to middle childhood. Preliminary research into pragmatics (i.e., the contextually appropriate social use of language) suggests that non-ASD siblings may be at increased risk for impairment in this area, but this is a field that needs further investigation. Understanding the nature of the increased risk for language and related learning challenges in non-ASD siblings of children with ASD is important for researchers, clinicians and parents, as early identification can lead to early intervention and better outcomes.