Attractive Quiet Courtyards: A Potential Modifier of Urban Residents' Responses to Road Traffic Noise?

The present paper explores the influence of the physical environmental qualities of. quiet. courtyards (degree of naturalness and utilization) on residents' noise responses. A questionnaire study was conducted in urban residential areas with road-traffic noise exposure between L-Aeq,L-24h 58 to 68 dB at the most exposed facade. The dwellings had quiet indoor section/s and faced a quiet outdoor courtyard (L-Aeq,L-24h < 48 dB facade reflex included). Data were collected from 385 residents and four groups were formed based on sound-level categories (58-62 and 63-68 dB) and classification of the. quiet. courtyards into groups with low and high physical environmental quality. At both sound-level categories, the results indicate that access to high-quality. quiet. courtyards is associated with less noise annoyance and noise-disturbed outdoor activities among the residents. Compared to low-quality. quiet. courtyards, high-quality courtyards can function as an attractive restorative environment providing residents with a positive soundscape, opportunities for rest, relaxation and play as well as social relations that potentially reduce the adverse effects of noise. However, access to quietness and a high-quality courtyard can only compensate partly for high sound levels at facades facing the streets, thus, 16% and 29% were still noise annoyed at 58-62 and 63-68 dB, respectively. Implications of the quiet-side concept are discussed.